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A SURVEY OF INTEGRATED FISH FARIMING ACTICES AMONG FARMERS IN AUCHI AND ITS ENVIRONS,
EDO STATE.

BY

ESIMAKWINI .A. BONAVENTURE
(MAT .N0. N0/2008/2041)

PROJECT SURMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE TECHNOLOGGY EDO SATE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, IGUORIAKHI
(AGENEBODE CAMPUS).

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN AGRICUTURE TECHNOLOGY

OCTOBER, 2010


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CERTIFICATION
This is to certify that project was carried out by Esimakwini .A. Bonaventure in the department of Agriculture and Aquaculture Technology.


_________________ __________________
Mr. Ojo Obasuyi Ojo Date
Project Supervisor



____________________ __________________
Egwanomhe M. Date


____________________ __________________
Oto A. O. Date
Project Coordinator

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DEDICATION
This project is specially dedicated to almighty God for giving me the strength and for his care over me throughout the period I spent in the school.
I also dedicated this project to my mother and father
Mr. Esimakwini .J. who God used to support and care for me throughout my course of studies.













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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am sincerely grateful to almighty Jehovah for his blessing and mercy towards this project.
I wish to express my profound gratitude to my supervisor Mr. Ojo-Obasuyi O.J. whose efforts and support made it possible for me to write this project. Thanks you very much sir.
I can not but appreciate the following persons viz: Mr. and Mrs Esimakwini, my lecturer Ojo-Obasuyi O.J. Mr Sunday Esimakwini, Mrs Esther Esimakwini.
I am also grateful to my friends Mary, Augustina, Jihom, Diskson, Christopher, Ekene, Ayemhere and Joy.
Above all I am grateful to God Almighty who made this project a success.







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TABLE OF CONTENT
PAGE
CERTIFICATION:-------------------------------------------------------------------------------ii
DEDICATION:------------------------------------------------------------------------------------iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:---------------------------------------------------------iv
TABLE OF CONTENT:---------------------------------------------------------v-vi
LIST OF TABLES:------------------------------------------------------------------vii
ABSTRACT:-------------------------------------------------------------------------viii
CHAPTER ONE
INDRODUCTION---------------------------------------------------------------------1
OBJECTIVE OF STUDY-----------------------------------------------------------2
CHAPTER TWO
LITERAURE REVIEW--------------------------------------------------------------3
LITERATURE REVIEW------------------------------------------------------------4
SYSTEMS OF INTEGRATED FISH FARMING---------------------------5
FISH AND POULTRY FARMING----------------------------------------------6
FISH AND POGGERY FERMING----------------------------------------------7
FISH AND LIVESTOCK FARMING-------------------------------------------8
FISH AND DUCK FARMING----------------------------------------------------9
FISH AND RABBIT AND / OR GRASSCULTER FARMING-------10
FISH AND VEGETABLE FARMING-----------------------------------------11
FISH AND PLANTAIN / BANNA FARMING-----------------------------12
CHAPTER THREE
MATERIALS AND METHODS-------------------------------------------------13
SCOPE OF STUDY------------------------------------------------------------------14
GEOGRAPNCAL LOCATION OF AGENEBODE-----------------------15
v
RESEARCH INSRUMENT-------------------------------------------------------16
VALIDITY OF REBEARCH INSTRUMENT------------------------------17
METHOD OF DATD COLLECTION-----------------------------------------18
DATA ANALYSIS------------------------------------------------------------------19
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION--------------------------------------------------20
AGE OF FISH FARMS-------------------------------------------------------------21
FARMS MANAGERS WXPERIENCE---------------------------------------22




















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TABLE OF CONTENT
Qualification of farm manager practice of integrated fish farming types of fish integrations usage of pond water. Usage of farm by products
Benefits in integrated fish farming
Chapter five
Conclusion and recommendation
Conclusion
Recommendation
References











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LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 1 – Age of Fish
TABLE 2 – Farm Manager’s Experience
TABLE 3 – Qualification of Farm manager
TABLE 4 – Practice of Integrated Fish Farming
TABLE 5 – Usage of Pond Water
TABLE 6 – Usage of Farm By-Product













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ABSTRACT
The study entailed a survey of the integrated fish farming practices employed by fish farmers in Auchi and its environs primary date were collected with the aid of well structured questionnaires from the fish farmers in the area. Findings from the study revealed that majority of the fish farmers practiced the fish cum vegetable production method (38.5%), while 11.55% practiced the plantain/banana method fish cum
It is recommenced that seminars, workshops and conference should be organized by government agencies and state holder in order to educate or create awareness among fish farmers on the benefits of fish integration with trops and livestock.
The result from the survey also indicated that 80.75% of those who practice integrated fish farming do not fully make use of farm by-products in their fish integration.









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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
In Africa, about 200 million people rely on fish as a man part of their diet, but the continent is the only region in the world where fish supplies per capita is decreasing, according to reports prepared for a fish for all summit in the Nigerian capital (mari et al.,2005).
Hunger and malnutrition remain amongst the most devastating problem facing the world poor and needy (fao, 2002). Between 80 to 90 million people have to be fed yearly and most of them are in the developing countries. The most reliable source of protein for many is fish, yet million of people who depend on fish are faced daily by the fear of food shortage (world fish centre, 2003). With the population of Nigerian in the rise, the is a corresponding for fish. Thus, there is the need for a suitable agricultural system to meet the increasing demand for food also maximize the utilization of the available limited resources without much wastage. In view of this integrated fish farming fit exactly into this. Integrated fish farming is a diversified and coordinated way of farming with fish as main target (Ayinla,2003) along with other farm products. The items produced are

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to be used either as source of feeds fertilizers and source of additional in come (Chen, 1989).
Integrated fish farming has revolutionized conventional farming of livestock, Agriculture, Agro-industry and allied activities in some countries, especially in tropical and sub-tropical region that are not avid
The main objective of integrated fish farming is to establish a highly flexible system with low external inputs; with various outputs all year round integrated fish farming has the following advantages:
(1) It results in optimal utilization of resources, higher return of investment and higher productivity
(2) It helps to reduces cost of production as wastes generated from livestock or farm produce are recycled to feed fish, while water and silt from pond.
(3) It also helps to reduce environmental pollution due to waste conversion and utilization.
(4) It also plays a vital rola in national economy through production of animal protein and employment generation.





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(5) It increases sources of income and food to farmers thereby improving the quality of life and alleviating poverty and malnutrition (Omitoyin, 2007).
OBJECTIVE OF STUDY.
Considering the above mentioned advantages of integrated fish farming in the livelihood of every segment of the Nigerian population, the study was to:
(1) Determine the level of fish integration in the study area.
(2) Determine the methods fish
(3) Determine the level of usage of farm by products in integrated fish farming.























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CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
Integrated fish farming involves the integrated of fish farming with livestock farming of agricultural crops, vegetable and “side-line” occupation (Eyo et al,2003). This method of fish farming is gaining ground with each passing day in Nigeria because of its economic viability as it utilizes waste material to produce protein for human consumption.
In Nigeria, integrated fish farming have been reported in many states of the federation in which 50% of fish farming integrate poultry piggery or livestock with their fish production, while integrated fish and crop production is on the rise also in several states (Aifp, 2005). According to Asata (1994) the essence of integrated system is productivity of integrated fish as to meet the challenges of food shortage and reducing the unemployment rate in Nigeria.
SYSTEMS OF INTEGRATED FISH FARMING
In Nigria integrated fish farming is carried out mainly at subsistence level (Nnaji et al 2003).
Integrated fish farming can be the production function which largely


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depends on finance, and the level of integration to be engaged in the common types of integrated that can be adopted in Nigeria are as follows:
FISH AND POULTRY FARMING
Poultry – fish farming is the integration of poultry animals like chicken, duck and geese with fish farming Akinrotimietal (2005). Most common practice in Nigeria is fish and chicken, which is widely praticed because of its profitability birds raised for egg (Layers) or the one that are raised for meat (broilers) can be integrated with fish farming. This will reduce the cost of inputs such as feed and fertilizers, so as maximize profits (Asala, 1994). The poultry farm can be constructed inside and raised over the pond or beside the pond as the case may be. The excreta (dropping) from the birds serve as manure which fertilizers the be more ideal and better if the poultry house is raised over ponds, that is vertical integration. This will allow easy transportation of manure to ponds they maximizing the usage of the land. The poultry house will be cleaner, as the excreta falls directly to the ponds.
When poultry pens are constructed separately away from a pond,


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manure from pens are collected regularly to fertilize the pond used to generate maggots which in turn are used in feeding fish where broilers are diseased the intestines are used feeding fish, where waste feed from the pen, dead chickens and broken eggs are also fed to their fish (Omitoyin, 2007). Residues, and left from kitchen, aquatic plants are often used as organic manure in fish ponds farmers practicing pig and fish farming may benefit from up to 28% economic advantage over normal pig farming (Aifp, 2005)
Integrated fish farming is a self sufficient system. The livestock manure fertilizes the pond and serves as food to the fish that in turn, are used to feed the fish. As the fish grow, pond silt accumulates. This cycle fully utilizes the sunlight land pond silt and fertile pond water and improves the ecological condition of the pond. Rate is usually
800 – 1000 per hectare of pond. Care should be taken to that ducks are nor released into fry and fingerling ponds so that they don’t prey on them (omotoyin, 2007)
FISH AND RABBIT AND / OR GRASSCUTTER
The integration of fish culture with rabbit and or grass cutter production is fast gaining ground in Nigeria Rabbit and grass cutter


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pens are constructed separately, away from the pond, their faces are regularly collected to fertilize the ponds, while grasses that are preferred by these rodents found around the pond’s embankment are regularly cut to feed them (omotoyin, 2007)
FISH AND VEGETABLE PRODUCTION
This is where farmers either use pond water directly to grow vegetables and / or grow vegetables directly inside the fish pond after the fish have been harvested. The advantage of this system is that fertilizers are not added, thus reducing the cost of production. The vegetables planted inside the pond help to utilize accumulated nutrients (omotoyin, 2007)
FISH AND PLANTAIN / BANANA
In this system the fish farmer plants plantains and banana or along the embankment of the pond. The plantain or banana stands provide shade to the pond, thereby reducing direct heating of the pond water by sunlight. Additionally income is obtained from the sale of plantains or banana. Suckers should however not be more than 2 – 3 stands in a particular sport to prevent unnecessary shading which can serve as a hideout for predators and pilferers. (Omotoyin, 2007)


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CHAPTER THREE
MATERIALS AND METHODS
SCOPE OF STUDY:
The study was aimed at surveying the and mode used in integrated fish farming in Auchi and its environs. Most fish farms were visited in the area and were interviewed.
A survey mode of research was adopted this was carried out by means of well structured questionnaires which were distributed to most of the fish farmers within the area.
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION OF AUCHI
AUCHI is the headquarters of Etsako West local Government Area of Edo State. It is located in the Southwest part of the State.
The stream Orle serves as a natural boundary between the town, Afuze and Igarra respectively in the state indeed many individuals who live in the town engage in commercial activities and only few engaged in fish farming actuates
RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
The researcher used the questionnaire as his instrument for collecting information from the fish farmers. The questionnaires


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provided were to collect information on the survey of the practices and mode employed in integrated fish farming system
By fish farmers in Auchi (Edo state) and its environs. Variables in the questionnaires include: Age, level of Education, Experience of fish farmer, level of integrated fish farming practiced, forms or systems of integrated fish farming and others
VALIDITY OF RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
The questionnaires used were designed by the researcher and treated with three fish farmers before it was submitted to the supervisor for necessary correction to be made before printing it out for distribution. The correction made gave the research instrument (questionnaires) some level of validity before they were administered finally to the fish farmers.
ADMINISTERATION FOR RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
The researcher explained the purpose of the questionnaires to the fish farmers. The questionnaires were later distributed to 30 fish farmers in the area. 26questunaires were completely filled and returned. This was used for data analysis forever only 4 were not returned by the fish farmers.


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METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION
The information provided was collected from fish farmers. This was made possible by the use of a well structured questionnaire. The questionnaires were administered to fish farmer directly and were used to collect information mainly on the types of integrated fish farming practices awing fish farmers in Auchi and its neurons.
DATA ANALYSIS
This data collected from the questionnaires were analyzed with the aid of simple descriptive statistics and percentage methods to summarize integrated fish farming practices among farmers in Auchi and its neurons.


















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CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results from the survey carried out on the integrated fish farming practices among farmers in Auchi and its neurons are discussed as follows:
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
TABLE 1: AGE OF FISH FARMS
AGE FREQUENCY %
Less then one year
2 – 5 years
6 – 10 years
11 – 15 years
16 – 20 years
20 years and above
Total 5
11
8
2
__
__
26 19.25
42.35
30.80
7.68
__
__
100
Source: survey Data, 2010
From table above the result showed that most of the fish farmers in Auchi and its environs are relatively new, with 92:40% being not more than 10 years old. This may be attributed to the fact that the act of fish farming is relatively new in the area.


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TABLE 2: FARM MANAGER’S EXPERIENCE
EXPERIENCE FREQUENCY %
1 – 5 years
6 – 10 years
11 – 15 years
16 – 20 years
20 years and above
Total 8
18
__
__
__
26 30.80
69.29
__
__
__
100
Source: survey Data, 2010
Table 2 above showed that 69.29% of the farm managers possessed between 6-10 years of management experience while 30.80% possess 1 – 5 years experience. This result indicated that most of the farm managers are relatively new in management and may still be very much inexperienced.
This may account for the low productivity from the aquaculture sector.
TABLE 3: QUALIFICATION OF FARM MANAGER
QUALIFICATION FREQUENCY %
No Formal Education
W.A.S.E
OND/ND
HND
B.S.C
P.H.D
TOTAL 5
13
8
__
__
__
26 19.25
50.03
30.80
__
__
__
100
Source: survey Data, 2010


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From the survey as shown in table 3 above most farm managers possess Formal Education few of them (30.80%) possess O.N.D/ND. This result indicated that there is little high level trained man power and might be attributed to the newness of the profession.
TABLE 4: PRACTICE OF INFEGRATED FISH FARMING
PRACTICE FREQUENCY %
YES
NO 8
18 30.30
69.29
TOTAL 26 100
Source: Survey Data, 2010
Table 4 above Showed that 69.29% of the fish farmers in the area do not practice integrated fish farming while 30.80% practice one form of integrated fish farming or the other. This result may also be attributed to the newness of fish culture techniques in Nigeria. This agrees with Ojo-Obasuyi (2010), that integrated fish farming is a relatively new venture in the country.






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TABLE 5:- TYPES OF FISH INTEGRATION
Types of fish integration FREQUENCY %
Fish and Poultry
Fish and Piggery
Fish and Livestock
Fish and Duck
Fish, Rabbit and or Grass cutter
Fish and Vegetable production
Fish and Plantain (Banana) Pineapple
Fish and Cassava
Fish and others 85__
__
__
10
3
__
__ 30.80
19.25
__
__
__
38.50
11.55
__
__
Total 26 100
Table 5 above showed that 38.50% of those who practiced integrated fish farming adopted the fish and vegetable production method, which 30.80% adopted the fish and poultry method. The table also showed that only 19.25% and 11.55% adopted the fish and Piggery, Fish and Plantain / Pineapple methods respectively.
The result also indicated that no fish farmer adopted fish and livestock, fish and Duck, fish and Rabbit / Grass cutter, and fish Cassava integrated methods. This may be attributed to the fact that poultry, piggery, vegetable and plantain (Banana) pineapple farming



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are age long system of farming and perhaps can easily be integrated with fish farming.
TABLE 6:- USAGE OF FARM BY PRODUCT
BY PRODUCT USAGE FREQUENCY %
YES
NO 5
21 19.25
80.75
TOTAL 26 100
Source: survey Data, 2010
The result from it survey as shown in table 6 above indicated that most integrated fish farmers (80.78) do not completely make use of farm by – products and only few (19.25%) farm by – product fully.
BENEFITS IN INTEGRATED FISH FARMING
The result form the survey showed that the all those who practice integrated fish farming benefited from the practice, with eir cost of production reducing by about 10-15%.







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CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
CONCLUSION:
A survey of the integrated fish farming practices among farmers in Auchi and its environs was carried out. The findings forms the study that majority of the fish farmers in the area practiced one form of fish integrated or the other. The finding also leveled that among those who practice integrated fish farming majority practiced the fish and vegetable method of integration. All those practicing integrated fish farming in the area experienced cost benefit in their total farm production.
RECOMMENDATION
Based on the findings from the study, the following were recommended.
(1) Seminars and workshops on integrated fish farming should be organized by government agencies and stake holders in order to educate or create awareness among fish on the cost benefits in integrated fish farming, especially in fish cum livestock And fish cum livestock.


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(2) Fish farmers in the area are strongly audited to employ the services of highly skilled fishers personnel (Graduates) to manage their farms.
(3) Government at all levels should subsidize fish farming inputs fingerlings, (fertilizers, water pumps, feeds e.t.c) to fish farmers in order to motivate them to practice integrate fish farming.
(4) Micro Finance Banks in the community should offer credit facilities to fish farmers in order to have fund for the practice of integrated fish farming.
(5) Fish farmers are encouraged to practice other forms of fish integration such as fish and cassava, fish and grass cutters e.t.c, so as to increase their income.










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REFERENCE:
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Newsletters of the Aquaculture and inland
Fisheries project of National special Programme for food security in Nigeria.
F.A.O office, Abuja Nigeria.
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(2005): Economic and Ecological Importance of
integrated fish farming in Nigeria. Fison conference preceding Port Harcourt 14th – 18th November, 2005, pp 113.
(3) ASALA .G.(1994):Principles of integrated Aquaculture: in
Olatunde A.A. Ayeni J.S.O and Ofunsuji I.M (eds) Proceedings of the National fisheries workshop on Aquaculture Development, Fish seed production and post harvest tech. NIFFR-FACU, 1994 P,206-220.
(4) AYINLA.O.A.(2003): Integrated fish farming: A veritable took
for poverty alleviation / Hunger eradication in


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the fisheries society of Nigeria. 8th – 12th Dec,2003 Owerri, Nigeria. P. 40-41
(5) CHEN .F.Y. (1989): Chicken farming in integrated fish farming,
volume 11p.4-30.
(6) EYO A.A, AYANDA J.O, falayi B.A. and Adelowo E.O. (2003)
Economic prospects of investment in integrated fish and livestock farming in: A.A. Eyo and J.O. Atanda (eds) conference proceedings of 18th Annual conference of the fisheries society of Nigeria (FISON)
(7) F.A.O. (2002): Food and Agriculture Organization publication,
year repot 2002. F. A.O, Rome, pp.1-6.
(8) FALAYI B.A., Adelowo, E.O; and Sgbesan E.O. (2003) Integrated
Chicken and fish farming for sustainable Rural and Urban communities in Nigeria. In: A.A. Eyo and J.O Atanda (eds) conference pro ceasing of the 18th annual conference of the fisheries society of Nigeria (fison) Owerri 8th-12th December 2003. pp 143-148.
(9) It a E.O.; Ayoride K.L and Okoye F.c. (1986) Inverstment


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prospects in integrated fish and poultry farming project, the Kaiji Lake Research institute integrated fish and poultry term model. Paper presented at the 5th Annual conference of FISON Unilorin 22-25th sept 1986 288-299 p.
(10) Muri J.F.; Gitonga N; Omar I; poumogne V and Radwan 1:
Hidden Harvest-Unlocking the potential of Aquaculture in Africa NEPAD – Fish for all summits; 22-25, August 2005. Abuja Nigeria pp 1-6.
(11) NNAJI, OKOYE, F.C. AND OGUNLEYE, J.O (2003).
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agriculture, Tguariakhi, Ageretrode capus.
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Nigeria, Ibadan University press, pp. 20-23.
(14) ONUNKWO. D.N and Akinrotimi, O.A. (2005). Integrated fish


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farming potential for self sufficiency and food security in Nigeria. Proceeds of the 20th Annual conference of fisheries society of Nigeria (FISON) Port Harcourt, 14th – 18th Nov,2005.p. 126 -129.
(15) OTUBUSIN S.O. (1983). Proposed integrated guinea fowl and
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(16) Pratt pf. (1975). Utilization of animal manure and sewage sludges
in food and fiber production News from the council on Agric. Sce. Tech. (CAST) Vol 3.1123-25.
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paper for fish for all F.A.O publication Rome lopp.
(18) Yaro, I (2001). Feasibility of adopting rice and fish culture
system to enhance the development of conventional aquaculture participation in Niger State. In: Eyo A.A. and Ajao E.A. (Eds) pp 31-36. proceeding of fisheries society of Nigeria held in Maidugurri, 4th – 9th Nov-2001, 317p.



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